Managing such patients requires multidisciplinary care, with the patient under the care of a team of specialists that may involve a cranio-maxillofacial surgeon, plastic and reconstructive surgeon, otorhinolaryngological surgeon, neurosurgeon, pediatrician, orthodontist, psychologist and speech and language therapist. Such deformities affect the soft and the hard tissues of the craniofacial complex to varying extents. ConclusionsĪlthough 3D bioprinting technology is still in its infancy and requires further development and optimization both in biomaterials and techniques, it offers great promise and potential for facial reconstruction with improved outcome.ĭevelopmental or acquired craniofacial deformities may impose a negative psychological impact on affected individuals. It also describes the advantages and limitations of the three currently used 3D bioprinting technologies: inkjet bioprinting, micro-extrusion, and laser-assisted bioprinting. This review summarizes different biomaterial classes that can be used in 3D bioprinters as bioinks to fabricate bone scaffolds, including polymers, bioceramics, and composites. It enables precise development of a scaffold from different available biomaterials that mimic the shape, size, and dimension of a defect without relying only on the surgeon’s skills and capabilities, and subsequently, may enhance surgical outcomes and, in turn, patient satisfaction and quality of life. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a developing technology that is derived from the evolution of additive manufacturing. However, the midface encompasses delicate structures that are surrounded by a complex bone architecture, which makes bone grafting using traditional methods very challenging. Bone grafting has been considered the gold standard for hard tissue reconstructive surgery and is widely used for large mandibular defect reconstruction.
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